1917年前俄国在华东正教传教士与天主教和新教传教士

The Attitudes of Eastern Orthodox Missionaries in China towards Catholic and Protestant Missionaries before 1917

1917年前来华的东正教传教士与天主教和新教传教士经历了两个世纪的共存共生过程。东正教传教士对后者的态度和对策反映了俄国政府对于侵华利益的现实追求。19世纪中期以前,俄国传教士刻意淡化教派差异,维持与留京天主教传教士的和睦关系,在获取中国情报、汉学研究、宗教文献翻译以及来华人员构成方面利用后者的影响或经验。俄国尽管通过《中俄天津条约》获得在华传教特权,但慑于中国人民对其侵华行径的愤怒,没有在传教方面积极跟进英、美等国。直到清廷推行联俄政策以及《中俄密约》签订之后,俄国政府才决定推动在华教务。庚子之变后,俄国在华设立主教区,进入全面效仿天主教和新教传教士,积极扩大在华宗教影响的时期。

Before 1917,Eastern Orthodox missionaries coexisted with Catholic and Protestant missionaries in China for two centuries. The former's attitudes and countermeasures towards the latter coincided with the realistic interests of the Russian government in its invasive activities. Before the middle of the 19th century,Russian missionaries deliberately played down the sectarian discrepancies and maintained harmonious relations with the Catholic missionaries in Beijing,taking advantage of the latter's influences and experiences in terms of intelligence collection,Sinological researches,translation of religious documents and the formation of the missionaries in China. After the Treaty of Tientsin the Russian missionaries had the mission privileges in China,but they were not as active as the British,Americans etc. Due to Chinese anger,indignation and reactions against Russian invasion,the Russian government didn't further its missionary work until the Qing Dynasty adopted the policy of allying with Russia and the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty was signed. After the Boxer Rebellion,Russia established the dioceses in China and from then on began to extend the Orthodox influences in China,fully imitating the Catholic and Protestant missionaries.