泰雷的“国家谷物专卖局”与生计问题国家化

On Terray's régie des grains and the Nationalization of the Subsistence Problem

法国财政总监泰雷神父1771年初创办的"国家谷物专卖局"虽然不断得到欧美史学界的重新审视,但都没有跳出旧制度的视角。本文将国家谷物专卖局置于生计问题国家化的视角下考察,认为它的建立是泰雷将生计问题的管理权从地方收归中央,在全国范围内促进谷物流通的重要尝试。由于封建制度的阻碍和绝对主义王权的畸形发展,国家谷物专卖局未能完成生计问题国家化的目标,但是它的一些观念和做法对后世产生了深远影响。

Although generations of Western historians have resurveyed ceaselessly the régie des grains created by the French Controller-General of Finances Terray at the beginning of 1771,they didn't go beyond the traditional scope of the old regime. This article reviews the régie des grains from the angle of the nationalization of the subsistence problem. It holds that this is an important experiment to collect the authority of regulating the grain supply from the hands of local governments to that of the central government and to promote the circulation of grains throughout the country. Due to the feudal obstructions and the deformed absolutist monarchy,the régie didn't realize this goal. However,some ideas and practices in this experiment have a far-reaching impact on the subsequent governments' policy of the grain supply.