法律方法与法治:以对纳粹司法的反思为中心

Legal Method and Rule of Law:Reflections on the NAZI Regime's Judiciary

纳粹政权在司法领域的工具和帮凶,是反形式主义的法律方法论和政治目的司法,而非法律实证主义。以"具体秩序"思维和"具体的一般性概念"为代表的纳粹法律方法论,突破了形式主义司法准则,并将纳粹意识形态和价值观提升为一种新的法律渊源和裁判规范。这种反形式主义法律方法论,是法治的一个陷阱。"去法制化"的纳粹司法表明:法律方法论若无视基本权利和普遍价值观,就可能沦落为当权者的作恶工具;法的形式价值和实体价值是唇齿相依的,要实现法治,二者不可偏废。

It is the received wisdom that legal positivism contributed substantially to the establishment of the Nazi legal regime.As a matter of historical facts,however,the theoretical tools that the Nazi regime adopted to reshape the judiciary and enforce its judicial policies are a version of anti-formalist methodology and an instrumental view of law.The ideas of ‘Konkretes Ordnungsdenken' and ‘konkret-allgemeine Begriffe' are the central commitments of Nazi legal methodology that enable the Nazi ideology and political values to be sources of law and break through the formalist constraints.As a result,this anti-formalist view of law and adjudication lead to the destruction of the rule of law in Germany.The ‘delegalized' Nazi judiciary suggests that without the guidance and constraints provided by fundamental human rights and universal human values,legal methodology could be merely means taken by political authority to serve its evil ends;the idea of rule of law would be impoverished without the constraints of substantial values as well as formal values.