竞技比赛过程中认知优势现象的诠释与思考

Review on Cognitive Advantages in Competitive Sports

在竞技比赛过程中,速度与准确性均衡一直是运动员们追求的目标。因此,将速度与准确性均衡地控制在所掌握的技术、战术中,并发挥其最大效能成为人们关注的热点问题。竞技比赛中能否达到运动决策既快又准的关键是运动员在即时运动情境中,对已存储的运动信息进行快速重组与提取的能力,而这种决策能力的差异是由认知结构合理性决定的。对竞技比赛过程中认知优势特征及结构进行探讨,结果表明,竞技选手认知优势结构特征表现为知觉模式能力强;动作识别速度快;动作记忆容量大;表征问题效果好;自我调控水平高;经验理论假说能较好地诠释这一现象;采用眼动记录技术、脑功能成像技术、视频定格技术可较好解决运动认知优势的结构特征及机制;以运动专家认知优势的理论模型为基础,行为表现特征与结构机制研究相结合是今后该领域研究发展的趋势。

In competitive sport, the balance of speed and accuracy is always athletes ＇ pursuit. Therefore, fulfilling the utmost efficiency of the balance in the techniques and tactics has become the research focus. The key of this issue is athletes＇ instant reorganization and extraction for the stored information on the movement, which depends on the rationality of their cognitive structure. The purpose of the current study was to explore the characteristics and structure of athletes＇ cognitive advantages in competitive sport. The result demonstrated that the characteristics of athletes ＇ cognitive advantages were as follows ： strong perceptional ability, quick action recognition, large action memory capacity, effective problem representation, high self-regulation ability; experience hypothesis could account for this phenomenon; eye-movement registration, functional brain imaging techniques, and video stop-motion could be use to examine the structure characteristics and mechanism; base on the theoretical models for athletes＇ cognitive advantages, the combination of behavior characteristics and structure mechanism will be the development trend.