三种木通属植物的地理分布与资源调查

Geographic Distribution and Resource Status of Three Important Akebia Species

木通属(AkebiaDecaisne)植物为我国传统药用植物,有着2000多年的药用历史,具有很高的药用价值;叶、花、果观赏性强,果肉营养丰富,可鲜食或加工,开发潜力巨大。作者对3种具有经济价值的木通属植物(五叶木通Akebia quinata(Houttuyn)Decaisne、三叶木通A.trifoliatassp.trifoliata和白木通A.trifoliatassp.austra-lis)的地理分布、形态学和农艺学特征以及资源现状进行了调查。结果发现,五叶木通主要分布于中国东南部及长江流域,由于长期的过度采收使野生资源遭到严重破坏;三叶木通广泛分布于华中及黄河流域,秦岭沿线分布较多,野生资源蕴藏量匮乏,目前已相继建立GAP栽培基地并作为保健水果进行开发;白木通分布于华南及长江流域各省区,资源丰富,但目前开发利用较少。为保证野生资源的可持续利用,应控制木通属植物的过度采收,加强白木通的合理开发利用,进行更广泛的资源调查、收集和评价,同时建立栽培驯化基地,推广优质、高产栽培技术,培育出品质优良,经济价值高,适合药用、观赏、食用或加工等不同需要的品种,促进木通产业的健康发展。

Species of Akebia are well-known medicinal plants that have been used in Chinese herbalism for at least 2000 years.The high medicinal and ornamental values and nutritional properties of Akebia make it a new high-value crop in China.We conducted an extensive field survey of the current native geographical distribution,morphological and pomological characteristics,and resource status on the most economically important Akebia species（i.e.A.quinata,A.trifoliata ssp.trifoliata,and A.trifoliata ssp.australis）.The results showed that A.quinata was distributed in southeast China around the Yangtze River.Wild resources of this species have been seriously deteriorated due to years of over-harvesting,indicating an urgent need for reasonable conservation strategies.Resources of A.trifoliata ssp.trifoliata were also scarce,with results showing that this species generally occurred in central China around the Yellow River valley,especially along the Qinling Mountain Range.At present,several medicinal production bases of A.trifoliata ssp.trifoliata has been established in parts of China,exploiting its potential as a health-giving fruit crop.Finally,A.trifoliata ssp.australis was found to be distributed in southern China and the region south of the Yangtze River.The natural resources of this species are abundant but rarely utilized.According to our results,over-harvesting of Akebia should be prevented,while reasonable exploitation of A.trifoliata ssp.australis should beencouraged to utilize wild resources sustainably.More detailed investigation,collection,and evaluation of Akebia germplasm resources is also required.In addition,developing and populari-zing cultivation techniques that produce high yield good quality crops,as well as desirable varieties,is essential for the promotion of Akebia＇s commercial development.