试论知识分子与民族国家的关系——从明治知识分子对文化身份的探寻谈起

Researching the Relationship between Intellectuals and the Nation-state——The Quest of Intellectuals for Cultural Identity in the Meji Period of Japan

随着日本在明治时期迈入近代民族国家的行列,这个时代的知识分子也首次面临着如何在民族国家中自我定位的问题。在他们对近代日本文化身份的探询中表现出两条主要的自我定位路线:他们或是成为国家主义者,淹没在"主流的意识形态"话语中,为侵略战争摇旗呐喊;或是执迷在"纯粹的文化主义者"角色中,完全忽略民族-国家的因素,导致其发出的话语仍然成为发动战争的思想资源。这样的事实让我们意识到在知识分子和民族国家的关系中永远充满着民族性和普遍人类性之间的张力。如果事先预设偏向任何一方的立场的话,都有可能使我们走向歧途。也许,正如酒井直树所说,只有以"具体个别性"的"实践主体"的身份,生动地"介入"每个"事件"之中,才能够在这样的两难境地中有所突破。

With Japan becoming a modern nation-state in the early years of the Meiji period,the intellectuals at the time were forced to define their positions in the state.They were divided into two cohorts while positioning themselves in the course of identifying the cultural identity of modern Japan.Some intellectuals became nationalists who were entangled in the discourse of mainstream ideology and advocated aggressive war.The other intellectuals completely neglected the nature of the nation-state and became ＂pure culturists＂ whose discourse,from an ideological viewpoint,also contributed to the start of war.This shows that the tension between nationality and humanity is pervasive in the relationship between the intellectuals and the nation-state.As Sakainaoki said,the dilemma can only be solved by allowing the ＂specific individuality＂ and the identity of the ＂subject＂ to actively ＂intervene＂ in each and every ＂event＂.