故意损毁文物罪犯罪形态问题研究

Research on Patterns of the Crime of Willfully Damaging the Cultural Relics

故意损毁文物罪的既遂形态是结果犯,即行为人不但要实施了故意损毁文物的行为,而且要造成文物损毁的结果,否则,不能构成本罪的既遂。行为人为了故意损毁文物,准备犯罪工具,制造犯罪条件,但由于意志以外的原因没能着手实施的,构成故意损毁文物罪的犯罪预备形态。行为人已经着手实施故意损毁文物的行为,由于意志以外的原因而没有得逞的,构成故意损毁文物罪的犯罪未遂形态。故意损毁文物罪的犯罪中止形态是指行为人在故意损毁文物罪的犯罪过程中,自动停止犯罪行为或者自动有效地防止文物损毁结果的发生。对于共同犯罪停止形态的认定要注意三个原则:一是"一人着手全体着手";二是"一人既遂全体既遂";三是"部分实行全部责任"。行为人先实施其他文物犯罪行为,后又对相关文物故意损毁的,如果不存在牵连犯和吸收犯的情形,一般应当以数罪论处。

The accomplished fact of the crime of willingfully damaging the cultural relics is consequential offense which refers to that the offender has performed the action and resulted in the damage of the cultural relics.In addition,the article shows us the definition of the pattern of preparation of crime,the unaccomplished fact,and the discontinuation of the crime.To determine the discontinuation of the crime,it is supposed to apply three principles：the first one is that one setting means all setting;the second one is that one accomplishing means all accomplishing;and the third one is that partly fulfillment means complete responsibility.If it is not the implicated offender and the incorporate crime,the offender＇s criminal behavior should be punished for plural crimes.