论清代灾后赈济制度及其成效

Review of the Disaster Relief Systems and Their Effect in the Qing Dynasty

清代灾后赈济制度主要包括钱粮赈济、蠲缓、鼓励贩运与调粟平粜、借贷和工赈等,还包括一些安缉灾民的具体措施。就这些制度的具体实施来看,在清朝的不同阶段,成效各有不同。对于灾后钱粮赈济这种最直接也是最有效果的赈济手段,显然是以国家财力为后盾的,清中后期综合国力大不如前,加上列强的入侵,用于赈济的银钱大大少于前朝。同时,有一些灾后赈济手段是以国家调控力为推行前提的,只有国家控制力强,政府机制运行正常,这些措施才能有赈济实效。另外,严惩赈灾过程中出现的腐败行为,也是赈灾制度能落到实处的保障。

Disaster relief systems mainly include the aid of money and food,exempting and reducing tax,lending,providing work as a form of relief and some other ways.Returning these systems into the effect is different in the Qing Dynasty.In the middle and later stage,the aid of money and food had less effect;at the meantime,some measures need to be built in the great power of government.If the power of the government is strong,and the government mechanism works in regular,these measures would produce actual effect.Severe punishment of corruption was the main guarantee for these systems to be implemented.