“澄泥为范”说汝窑

Talks about Ru Yao by Reference to Cheng Ni Wei Fan

河南省文物考古研究所对宝丰清凉寺汝窑址的发现和发掘,可谓中国陶瓷考古学史上一件大事。现在,即便掌握了汝窑窑址的考古发掘资料,所谓的"北宋官窑"仍是未解之谜,但是对于重新讨论,则是个很好的时机。作者将关注点置于清凉寺汝窑出土品中的陶范。它们制作极为精致,马上令人联想起关于南宋官窑"澄泥为范"的著名描述。作者认为,南宋官窑"澄泥为范"的目的不单是实现产品量的增长,更重要的是满足朝廷制定的规格——"样"(官窑)。"澄泥为范"应该作为考量官窑的一项重要指标。若看宝丰清凉寺汝窑址出土的陶范,以碗、盘等器种的外模为代表,泥料极为致密,表面相当光滑,做工精细,生动诠释着"澄泥为范"的含义。实际上,南宋官窑的"澄泥为范"在北宋末期已经现身于汝窑,也就是说从汝窑开始到之后的官窑,构成了一个"澄泥为范"的谱系。汝窑窑址的发掘说明了当时生产不仅有陶范成型,还存在素烧成型、制品单一、满釉支烧、次品瘞埋(次品集中处理)等,都体现后世官窑的主要特征。《负暄杂录》、《坦斋笔衡》所记的北宋"官窑"仍是未解之谜,目前也无法结论,暂先不说北宋官窑的问题,重要的是,单看以上分析,汝窑实质上已经具足了作为官窑的条件。目前,虽无法断言汝窑的性质,但从本文所选的"澄泥为范"这一视角来看,至少可以确信,汝窑是宋代官窑青瓷谱系中应该靠前定位的一处重要窑场,真正意义上的宋代官窑青瓷发端于汝窑。

The archaeological discovery and excavation of the Qingliangsi Ru Yao (Kiln) site of Baofeng by Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology is among the most significant events in the history of Chinese Ceramic Archaeology.Despite the available archaeological materials on Ru kiln,the actual condition of the official kiln or Guan kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty is still a conundrum.But anyway,it is a good opportunity to review the issues concerned.The author focused upon the pottery moulds excavated from the Ru kiln by reference to Cheng Ni Wei Fan (澄泥为范) which means using the finely purified clay to make a porcelain mould.As a result of the processing technique of Guan Ware production system of the Southern Song dynasty,it was not just for a large-tonnage production,but an achievement of official specification standards---‘official samples’ (Guan Yang) using moulds to make wares.It can also be thought as an important index of Guan kiln.As far as the pottery moulds of bowls,plates and so on from Ru Kiln are concerned,they were made from the fine compact clay,bearing the perfect workmanship of glossy appearance and vividly embodying the sense of Cheng Ni Wei Fan.Actually,Cheng Ni Wei Fan had appeared in Ru kiln by the end of the Northern Song Dynasty.In other words,the pedigree of Cheng Ni Wei Fan started in Ru kiln which could be contacted with afterwards Guan kilns.In Ru kiln site,the moulds,unglazed potteries,the unitary of products,full glazed,the disposition of substandard products can be seen,all of which are the main characteristic elements of Guan kilns.As for the Guan kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty which has ever been mentioned in the historical text Fu Xuan Za Lu (《 负暄杂录》) and Tan Zhai Bi Heng (《 坦斋笔衡》 ) ,there is still no exact conclusion.But what is important is that sufficient key elements of a Guan kiln have already been seen in Ru ware and Ru kiln site.Now we cannot determine whether Ru Kiln is Guan kiln or not,but at least,from the point of view of the pedigree of Cheng Ni Wei Fan,we believe that the Ru kiln should be listed at the beginning of the pedigree of Guan celadon wares of the Song Dynasty.It is better to say that the substantial Guan celadon wares of the Song Dynasty began with Ru Ware.