兴隆山自然保护区马麝春季生境选择

Spring habitat selection by Alpine musk deer(Moschus sifanicus) in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve,Western China

于2006年3月和2007年4月,采用样线样带结合调查法,在甘肃兴隆山自然保护区对野生马麝(Moschus Sifanicus)的春季生境选择和栖息地利用格局进行了研究,共布设280个空白对照样地和52个利用样地,对海拔和郁闭度等17个生境变量进行了计测和比较,结果表明,与对照的非利用样地相比,兴隆山马麝春季利用样地的海拔相对较低(2280.94±17.06)m、乔木平均高度较高(9.36±1.21)m、乔木胸径较大(102.44±14.25)cm及地表植被盖度较好(26.67±3.27)%,上述差异均达显著程度(P<0.05);此外,马麝春季趋于利用南坡(44.23%)和西坡(36.54%)的中下坡位(86.54%)的坡度适中(30°—60°,55.77%)的生境,其避风性(63.46%)和隐蔽度(76.92%)均较差,距离水源(<1000m,80.77%)和人为干扰距离(<1000m,76.92%)也较近(P<0.05)。马麝春季生境变量的主成分分析结果表明,前4个主成分可以解释76.08%的数据差异,灌木因子(由灌木盖度组成)、乔木因子(由乔郁闭度和乔木密度组成)、食物因子(由坡位、乔木高度、食物多度组成)和隐蔽因子(由植被类型、隐蔽度组成)是影响马麝春季生境选择的重要因素。兴隆山马麝的生境选择是多维度进行的,是对其春季生境的食物可得性、隐蔽性、水资源及栖息基底等生态需求的综合适应。

Musk deer（Moschus spp.） are well known for the production of musk,a widely used ingredient in traditional Asian medicine and the international perfume industry which is secreted only by the adult male.Musk deer are endangered due to historic over-utilization of musk and habitat loss and habitat protection has been identified as one of the most important ways of conserving wild musk deer.Alpine Musk Deer（Moschus sifanicus）,an endemic species to the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,Western China,is currently listed as vulnerable under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora,and protected as a Category I key species in China.Although there have been some reports on the habitat selection and conservation status in musk deer in China,most of these have been based on Forest musk deer（Moschus berezovskii）,and so far,no study on the habitat selection in Alpine musk deer has been published.It is,therefore,necessary to study the habitat utilization of Alpine musk deer in China,which is of importance to conduct the in situ protection.The purpose of this paper was to present an overall quantitative surveying of the spring habitat of the Alpine musk deer,and to explore the key factors influencing the habitat utilization,based on which,the implication to the conservation measures for Alpine musk deer was discussed.In March 2006 and April 2007,habitat selection and use patterns of Alpine musk deer（Moschus sifanicus） were studied using both line-and strip-transect surveys.Seventeen habitat factors were measured and compared for 332 sites in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve in northwestern China.Fifty-two of all the sampling sites were designated as being used by musk deer,and others as unused control plots.The results indicated that Alpine musk deer in Xinglongshan Nature Reserve selected spring habitats with lower altitudes（2280.94±17.06）m,higher（9.36±1.21）m and bigger trees（102.44±14.25）cm,and higher ground-plant coverage（26.67±3.27）%.The musk deer also selected habitats with intermediate or upper slope positions（86.54%） in south（44.23%） and west（36.54%） slopes which provided relatively bad concealment（76.92%）,little protection from wind（63.46%）,and relative proximity to water sources（1000 m,80.77%） and human disturbance（1000 m,76.92%）.The results of the principal component analyses showed that ＂shrub factor＂（i.e.,shrub coverage）,＂tree factors＂（i.e.,tree canopy,height,DBH and density）,＂food factors＂（i.e.,slope positions,tree height and food abundance）,and ＂concealment factors＂（i.e.,vegetation type and concealment） were the most important in influencing the habitat selection of Alpine musk deer in the spring.Conclusively,the habitat selection in spring of Alpine musk deer is a multidimensional process,through which,Alpine musk deer adapt synthetically to the ecological needs of food resources,shelter,water supply and ground condition.