政治与哲学——关于葛兰西与福柯思想的一个比较

Politics and Philosophy——A Comparative Study of the Ideas of Gramsci and Foucault

把葛兰西思想与福柯思想进行对照研究可以充分显示后现代思潮对传统思想的冲击与挑战。在政治上,葛兰西坚信团结的力量,把政党看作是"现代君主"。他倡导有组织的政治行动,对构建积极的革命策略充满热情;而福柯则沉湎于各种越轨行为与性的体验,他拒绝政党政治,认为一切以革命的名义发动的政治行动都有陷入法西斯主义的倾向,他拒绝赋予这些政治行动以道德和伦理的正当性。在历史观上,葛兰西坚持黑格尔式的历史目的论,而福柯则以尼采主义者的姿态用系谱学反对历史主义的宏大叙事,强调历史的偶然性与外在性。在哲学上,葛兰西坚持意识自主的主体性哲学,福柯则对理性主义和人道主义持激烈的批评态度。福柯以激进的锋芒批评了传统理论的缺陷与不足,但这不能说明他已经超越了康德以来启蒙主义关于人之自由的哲学规定。问题的关键并不在于抛弃启蒙理想,而在于改造理性和主体的概念,从而引导更为积极的政治与历史实践。

A comparison of the ideas of Gramsci and Foucault may reveal the challenge of postmodernism to traditional ideas.In politics,Gramsci held a strong belief in the power of unity and considered party a modern monarch.He advocated organized political action,and was in favor of establishing positive revolutionary strategies.Foucault,on the other hand,was indulged in various deviance and sexual experience.He resisted party politics and considered all the political actions organized in the name of revolution to have a Fascism tendency,and then refused to grant these actions moral and ethical justification.In philosophy,Gramsci insisted on autonomous ideology of subjectivism,while Foucault fiercely criticized nationalism and humanitarian.However,that Foucault strongly criticized the defect and limitations of the traditional theory does not indicate that he had transcended the provisions of philosophy since the time of Kant in enlightenment ideas of human freedom.The point is not if he had given up the ideals of enlightenment.What really matters is if the concepts of rationalism and subject are changed so as to guide more positive political and historical practice.