漫谈犯罪被害防范

On the Prevention of Crime Victimization

随着犯罪问题研究的日益深入,人们逐渐发现仅从犯罪人角度研究犯罪是不够的,犯罪人在犯罪中的地位固然重要,但被害人在犯罪形成过程中也起着重要的作用。从二者的关系看,存在四种互动模式:可利用的被害人模式、冲突模式、被害人催化模式和斯德哥尔摩模式。在上述四种模式中,被害人虽然未被视为犯罪产生的原因,但被害人方面的因素通常被认为是犯罪发生不可或缺的条件。犯罪人走上犯罪道路,并不单纯是自身因素决定的,而是自身的素质、经验等因素同来自被害人方面的被害要因——被害人的言行及其同周围环境中存在的诱发或者强化加害者的犯罪动机的事情和状态相互作用的结果。因此,被害防范需要从被害人的层面和角度展开:保持足够警惕,加强防范意识;培养健康的生活方式,减少被害因素;注意个人修养,培养积极乐观的心态,等等,以最大限度减少被害的可能性。

With more and more deep-going studies on crimes,it has been discovered that it is far from enough to study crimes just from the angle of criminals.Though criminals have important roles in crimes,victims also play important parts during the process of different crimes.Four patterns can be found from the relationship between criminals and victims: employable victim pattern,conflict pattern,victim precipitation pattern and Stockholm pattern.In the above-mentioned patterns,though victims are not regarded as the cause of crimes the factors of victims are considered as indispensible conditions.Criminals' qualities,victims' behavior and things that strengthen criminal motives interact with each other and thus bring about a crime.Victimization should be prevented from the angle of victims.One can minimize the risk of being victimized by staying alert,adopting a healthy lifestyle and creating an active and optimistic mentality.