人类学视野下侗族大歌音乐文化遗产的传承与保护

Anthropological Study of the Inheritance and Protection of Dong Chorus Musical Cultural Heritage

"侗族大歌"已经列入世界非物质文化遗产,其结构框架浑然有趣,多声形态绚丽多彩,合唱技艺出神入化。作为植入民间的多声部歌曲,能够完整保存,这与侗族地区特定的歌师、歌头、歌班、歌俗等传统制度的人类学背景有密切关系。从文化人类学的视角来看,"侗族大歌"又是侗族传统社区整体"文化场"的记录和再现,是活态流动的存在,作为侗族人民在历史长河中创造而成的音乐文化遗产,它呈现出的非物质性,具有多样性的价值,包括:历史价值、精神价值、科学价值、审美价值、教育价值、经济价值。这些价值与侗族传统社区人群的存在与发展紧密联系,互动互存,从而形成侗族大歌传承与保护的独自特点。文章从人类学视角,分析"侗族大歌"传统内部的传承保护机制,分析在社会文化生境不断变迁的今天,如何对以侗族大歌为代表的音乐非物质文化遗产进行有效保护。

Listed in the world intangible cultural heritage,Dong chorus is renowned for its naturalness,vitality,colorful multi-voice part and superb singing skills.As multi-part songs rooted in the folks,the intact preservation of Dong chorus is closely related to the institutions of singing master,singing head,singing team,and singing folklore in the Dong people＇s area.Dong chorus can be seen from the perspective of cultural anthropology as the record and representation of the cultures of traditional Dong communities,and is a live and flowing existence.As the Dong people＇s musical cultural heritage,Dong chorus boasts various intangible values,including historical value,spiritual value,scientific value,aesthetic value,educational value,and economic value.These values are closely related to the living and development of the people living in traditional Dong communities,and this mutual dependence constitutes the unique characteristic of the inheritance and protection of Dong chorus.From the anthropological angle,the interior inheritance and protection mechanism of Dong chorus tradition is analyzed,and the protection of intangible musical cultural heritage represented by Dong chorus in changing social and cultural environment is discussed.