3Bertrand, 1883, " Review of Wolras's Theorie mathematique de la richesse sociale and Cournos' s Racherches sur les principes mathematiques de la theorie des richesses"in Jounal des Savants.
4Jeffrey Church Koger Ware,2000, Industrial Organization : a Strategic Approach. 清华大学出版社影印版.
5Chaim Fershtman, Ariel Pakes, 1999, A Dynamic Oligopoly with Collusion and Price Wars. NBER Working Paper No. W6936. http://www, ssrn.com.