诗教和政教之间的两难——沈德潜的《国朝诗别裁集》编选和格调诗学的文化意义

Dilemma of Poetic Education and Political Education:Shen Deqian's Selection of the Anthology of Qing-era Poems and the Cultural Significance of his Poetry Aesthetics of Ge-Diao

风雅诗学的复兴和变异,是清代文学发展的一条线索。风雅诗学变异之原因,是道统、文统与政统之矛盾,而诗教与政教之矛盾在乾隆时期开始变得明显。乾隆时期的诗人沈德潜论诗主格调,宣扬温柔敦厚之诗教,而将忠君爱国认为是儒家诗教之核心。沈德潜的"雅正"审美理想,既为对朝廷所倡导的审美风尚之响应,亦为风雅诗教之主动回归。但沈德潜又想超越政治而谈诗,其诗学中潜在的矛盾,在《国朝诗别裁集》编选中得到充分体现,也正是这种矛盾引起了乾隆帝的不满。沈德潜的晚年和身后遭际,在一定程度上体现了文统、道统与政统之纠葛。

The resurrection and variance of Confucian poetics system was the thread of literature development during the prometaphase in Qing Dynasty. The contradiction of literary traditions, Confucian Orthodoxy and politi- cal traditions caused the variance of Confucian poetics system. The contradiction became clear in Qianlong time of Qing Dynasty. Shen Deqian, a poet in Qianlong time of Qing Dynasty, put forward the concept of Ge - Diao, advocated the poetic education of gentleness and honesty, and regarded loyalty to the emperor and patriotism as the core