炸药废水处理的研究进展

Research progress on explosives wastewater treatment

综述了国内外炸药废水处理的研究进展。叙述了物理法的粒状或粉末活性炭、PEI/SiO_2复合物以及分子烙印聚合物对TNT的吸附。对化学法作了较详细的介绍,例如用甲苯萃取硝化废水中的DNT、2,6-DNT和TNT;利用盐析效应提高萃取TNT的效率及三维电解氧化提高TNT的去除率;金属离子、酸根或紫外线等对臭氧法效率的影响;铁碳微电解法及超临界水氧化降解硝基苯/苯胺类化合物;以及电解法治理NTO废水生成钝感含能材料AZTO;不同氧化剂对由H_2O_2和针铁矿等组成的Fenton试剂处理TNT的影响;用电-Fenton法氧化降解DNT异构体和TNT。LaCoO_3作光催化剂降解TNT废水和TiO_2表面修饰活性炭纤维处理RDX废水;卤素离子提高零价铁法降解TNT、RDX和HMX的速率。概述了生化法的废水中添加葡萄糖提高TNT的可生化性;用假单胞菌putida HK-6同时处理TNT、RDX和农药阿特拉津、西玛津;硫酸盐还原细菌厌氧矿化RDX;以及植物吸收处理TNT技术,并分析了各种处理技术的优缺点。

The present paper is to present a review on the technical advances of explosives-making sewage treatment. As we know, such treating technologies usually include physical, chemical and biochem- ical by nature. Among them, physical methods encompass granular or power active carbon, or PEI/SiO2 compound so as to adsorb the rem nant of TNT in the sewage to be treated, for the molecularly imprinted polymers can clear off the methanol-aqueous solution. Chemical methods can be put into particulars. For example, 2, 4-dinitroto- luene （DNT）, 2,6-DNT, and TNT in sewage come from the toluene nitration process are usually extracted by using toluene. Their extract efficiency or the removing rate of TNT can be said advanced enough due to the salting-out effect or three-dimensional electrolytic method, respectively. However, the efficiency of such methods are affected by the metal ions, acid radical or ultraviolet radiation. In such a situa- tion, a theoretical analysis of the principle of 03 or O3/H202 is likely to degrade TNT in the sewage. The iron-carbon micro electrolytic and supercritical water oxidation （SCWO） methods are also adopted to degrade the nitrobenzene or aniline compounds. In dealing with acidic aqueous solutions of nitro-tri-azolone （NTO）, it is practical to acquire the insensitive energetic materials azoxytriazolone （AZTO） by electro-reduction. The ferrous ions produced by Goethite （a-FeOOH） dissolving in acidic water with hydrogen peroxide can help to initiate Fenton reaction to degrade explosives, in which the disposed TNT tends to be influenced by different oxidants for Fenton reagent is com- posed of H202 and Goethite etc. In addition, this paper has also made a survey for the electro-Fenton method, which is used to de- grade DNT isomers, and the TNT. Photocatalysis, which is to de- grade TNT sewage with LaCoO3 as catalyst and nano-TiO2-contained active carbon fibers （ACF） to deal with RDX sewage. Besides the above said methods, it is also necessary to use zero-valent iron prc- treatment, which helps to get rid of RDX obviously. And, finally, it is worthwhile to mention the biodegradation as a less expensive and secure method, which can help to complete the mineralization of organic pollutions. It is proved that adding glucose can increase the biodegradability of the seudomonas putida HK-6 and simultaneously degradate TNT, RDXI atrazine and TRAS. While detailtd discussion is done as to the advantage or disadvantage of each method, we have also introduced anaerobic treatment to sewage containing perchlorate and RDX originated from ammunition production.