乐观偏差研究概况

A Summary of Optimistic Bias

乐观偏差指个体倾向于认为自己更可能经历积极事件而他人更可能遭遇消极事件的现象。对乐观偏差的测量主要有直接比较和间接比较两种方式。事件特征和个体因素是乐观偏差的主要影响因素。产生乐观偏差的心理机制主要有自我中心主义和聚焦主义。乐观偏差对个体既有积极作用也有消极影响。未来研究主要包括:开发科学可行的测量工具;加强对个体水平乐观偏差的研究;把乐观偏差和悲观偏差结合起来进行研究;对乐观偏差进行认知神经心理机制的探讨。

Optimistic bias means people have a tendency to think that positive evens are more likely to happen to themselves and negative events are more likely to happen to other people. There are two methods to measure optimistic bias,which are direct and indirect comparison. Feature of event and individual factors are the leading influencing factors of optimistic bias. Egocentrism and focalism are the main psychological mechanisms to engender optimistic bias. Optimistic bias has both positive and negative effect to individuals. Future research directions include：（1） developing more scientific and feasible measures;（2） examining optimistic bias on individual level;（3） studying optimistic bias combined with pessimistic bias,and（4） investigating cognitive neuroscience mechanisms of optimistic bias.