美国进步时代对中国的启示:三种代理模式

Lessons for China in the U.S.Procressive Era:Three Models of Agency

19世纪晚期、20世纪早期,美国进步时代所呈现的问题和中国现代问题极为相似。特定的环境也给予改革更多的机遇和挑战。论文揭示了美国进步时代浮现的时代背景、因素并由此解释了政府改革兴起的缘由。并针对学者所忽视的问题——政府的哪些层面的核心的、决定性的改革构成了进步时代,而进行了探讨,总结出三个代理模式。第一种为社会驱动解释,指出公共智囊团、记者和进步主义传道人就是改革机构的替代者。第二种为国家中心论点,即进步改革来自于内在的主要煽动者,而非外部,即国家驱动,主要聚焦于总统和在几个重要部门(近期)活动。第三种为进步性倾向的世界性,可以纳入第一组社会驱动的假设中,主要是教育者和其他专家,来自于良好环境家庭的学生,有头脑的具有公共精神的大众。此外,进一步对竞争中的模型现代化进行了探讨。最后,论文认为对于中国现今形式而言,国家驱动模式较为合理。

The America Progressive Era confronted problems in the late 19th and early 20th century are similar with what is happening in China today.Admittedly, particular environment brings more opportunities and Challenges to the reform.So, the paper reveals the background and facts of the emergency of the American Progressive Era,and base on it,the reasons of the blooming government reforms are explained.In order to answer the question of which are the cores,definitive reforms at which levels of government,that constitute the Progressive Era,I discussed it and concluded three models of agency.However,scholars seldom involve in this task. First,it is the ' society-driven' interpretation,which points instead to public intellectuals,journalists,and progressive clergy as the agents of reform.Second,it is state-centered argument,the major instigators of progressive reform inside,rather than outside,the state,centering their interpretations mainly on presidents and(more recently) activists in a few important departments.Third,it is a progressive bent and falls within the first set of society-driven explanations,mainly educators and other professionals,students from comfortable families,and public-spirited people of ideas. In addition,the paper further researches the agents of modernization in the competing models and at Iast,I came to a conclusion that the state driven model is more fit for China according to the present Chinese situation.