从林纾、鲁迅的翻译看翻译批评的多重视野

Multiple Perspectives of Translation Criticism in Cases of Lu Xun's and Lin Shu's Translations

作为中国近现代翻译史上最重要、最有影响力的翻译家,林纾和鲁迅对我国翻译事业的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献。但对于他们的翻译,学界一直毁誉参半,并由此引发了旷日持久的"直译"与"意译"、"归化"与"异化"之争。本文以林纾和鲁迅的翻译为考察对象,对翻译批评的维度和视野进行重新审视,指出任何拘泥于语言层面和文本比较或把"信"视为惟一尺度的评价都不足以对翻译作品和翻译现象做出合理的阐释与客观的判断。翻译批评应从特定的历史环境出发,关注不同的文化、政治因素,并充分重视译者对翻译的认识和定位在翻译过程中所起的作用,构建从表面走向深层、从单一走向多元、从静止走向动态的多重视野。

As the most important and influential senior translators in the modem history of translation, Lin Shu and Lu Xun have made indelible contributions to the development of translation studies in our country. However, the academia community has always given as much criticism as praise to their translations, out of which arose the decade-long disputes over ＂literal translation＂ and ＂free translation＂, ＂domestication＂ and ＂foreignization＂. How to objectively evaluate Lin Shu＇s and Lu Xun＇s translations？ How to dialectically treat the disputes over different methods and strategies of translation？ Taking their translations as the objects of investigation, this paper seeks to review the dimension and the perspectives of translation criticism and points out that neither the evaluation stuck in the language level and the text comparison nor taking ＂faithfulness＂ as the sole criteria is enough for rational interpretation and object judgment of translation works and translation phenomena. Translation criticism should be based on certain historical context, take cultural and political differences into consideration and give full attention to the role of translator＇s understanding and positioning of translation during the process of translation. Translation criticism should construct multiple perspectives that penetrate the surface and reach the deeper layer, go beyond the unitary reflection and conduct multi-factor examination, and prefer dynamic to static consideration.