5～9岁儿童在不同复杂性任务上类比推理的发展特点

The Developmental Characteristics of Analogical Reasoning on Tasks with Different Complexity in 5 ～ 9 Years Old Children

采用经典的A:B:C:D范式,设计两类难度不同的图片任务,依据关系-表征复杂性模型从等级复杂性和水平复杂性角度分析任务难度。在此基础上,选取5～9岁115名儿童探讨两类任务上类比推理的特点和发展趋势。表明:(1)儿童类比推理呈现多样化特点,主要有:充分意义上掌握了类比推理、部分完成了类比推理、位置关系类比推理、不能类比推理和不确定情况类比推理,其中部分完成了类比推理是复杂任务上所特有的。(2)简单、复杂两类任务上,随着年龄增长,5-9岁儿童充分意义上掌握类比推理的人次比例不断上升,不能类比推理的人次比例不断下降。此外,复杂任务上,随年龄增长,部分完成类比任务的人次比例降低。结果表明,在简单任务上,前运算阶段儿童已具备了类比推理能力;但在复杂任务上,儿童到了具体运算阶段才具备类比推理能力。

According to the Relational-Representational Complexity Model,this present study depicted the complexity of analogical tasking from the aspects of hierarchical complexity and horizontal complexity.Based on this model,the developmental trends and characteristics of analogical problem-solving in tasks on varied complexity were investigated with classical A：B∷C：D paradigm.A sample of 115 children aged 5 to 9 participated the study,and their performances on analogical tasks with varied complexity were explored.Results indicated that：（1） the children＇s analogical reasoning showed diversified characteristics.There were mainly five kinds of patterns,including mastering analogical reasoning adequately,completing analogical reasoning from partial relation or location,unable to finish analogical reasoning and uncertain about the analogical reasoning.Thereinto,analogical reasoning from partial relation was peculiar to complex tasks.（2） In both the simple and complex tasks,with age increased,the proportion of children who had mastered the analogical reasoning increased gradually,while the proportion of those who were unable to complete analogical reasoning declined from age 5 to 9.Moreover,the proportion of children who completed analogical reasoning from partial relation declined in complex tasks.In conclusion,when performed simple tasks,the children within preoperational stage showed analogical reasoning ability.However,in complex tasks,only those who had developed into concrete operational stage demonstrated such ability.