中古时期吐鲁番地区汉文文学的传播与接受——以吐鲁番出土文书为中心

The Dissemination and Acceptance of Literature in Chinese in Turfan,327-803:A Study Based on Unearthed Turfan Manuscripts

吐鲁番文书中的文学史料虽然不多,文书表征也体现出零散、不完整等缺陷,但它被无意识地保存下来,在中古时期(高昌郡—国—州时期,327—803年)吐鲁番绿洲社会的传承过程就具有了举证的客观性。吐鲁番文书的写本形态,可被归纳为写本书籍、临习摹写、创作草稿三类,展现了吐鲁番汉文文学生产的流动过程和细节。这一地域文学与中原汉文文学发展的声气相应、共同消长,与内地移民的传播、文化制度的保障、文学时尚的迎合等因素密切相关,呈现出边地汉文化接受与传播的独特景观。魏晋以来植根于此的汉文化影响,即使在9世纪中叶之后回鹘文化成为吐鲁番绿洲的主体,也仍然被继承下来。吐鲁番文书从外形到内在的"双重碎片"模式,以其丰富性、多样性,构建了中古时期吐鲁番汉文文学传播与接受的过程与现场。

The Turfan manuscripts seldom involve literary materials and are flawed by fragmentation and incompleteness.However,their accidental preservation provides objective testimony to the dissemination of Chinese literature in Turfan oasis society during the period 327-803.The manuscripts can be classified into the three categories of handwritten books,copybooks and drafts of literary works,revealing the evolutionary process and details of the production of Chinese literature in Turfan.Literature in this region evolved in tandem with its counterpart in the Central Plains; it was closely related to cultural diffusion by immigrants from the hinterland,the protection by cultural institutions and the pursuit of literary fashions in the hinterland.These works offer a unique picture of the acceptance and dissemination of Chinese culture in the border regions.The impact of Chinese culture,transplanted here in the Wei and Jin dynasties,survived even the Uyghur cultural domination of the Turfan oasis after the mid-ninth century.In their richness and diversity,the Turfan manuscripts,with their 'dual (internal and external) fragmentation' demonstrate the process and actuality of literary dissemination and acceptance in Turfan in middle antiquity.