渔采狩猎与秦汉北方民众生计--兼论以农立国传统的形成与农民的普遍化

Fishing Gathering and Hunting and the Livelihood of the Common People in Northern China during the Qin and Han Dynasties:With a Study of the Development of the Tradition of Basing the Economy on Agriculture and the Universalization of the Farmer

秦汉时期北方虽以农耕为主,但因气候温润,野生动植物丰饶,作为古老的谋生方式,渔采狩猎投入少,产出快,山林湖泽附近的民众均可一定程度上仰此或兼此为生。渔采狩猎与从商一道成为田作之外民众的其他谋生手段。战国以降,官方开始确立以农立国的策略,针对民众不乐农耕、轻易迁徙,立法律与政策措施驱之务农,并将其束缚在土地上,作为一个群体的农民与定居农耕社会在此背景下逐步形成。

During the Qin and Han period in Northern China, farming had become the main economic activity, but those dwelling near mountains or lakes still had hunting, gathering and fishing as their main or concomitant source of livelihood. Thanks to the warm climate and abundant flora and fauna, these ancient occupations entailed a low input and rapid output. Since they had the possibility of living on these activities as well as commercial income earned in slack periods, people lacked enthusiasm for farming. From the Warring States period on, governments had begun to adopt a policy of 'basing the economy on agriculture' to maintain state strength and gain hegemony. To address the problems of dislike for farming and readiness to move around, laws and policy measures were devised to force people to farm and bind them to the land. Against this background, a new community of farmers and a new society of sedentary farming and weaving gradually took shape. But this process took a long time, and its effects were not obvious until the Tang dynasty.