北魏鲜卑人的宇宙观——从鲜卑人的祭天礼制看宇宙观的变迁

An Analysis on Transition of North Xianbei People's Cosmology——From Their Heaven-worship Ceremonial Perspective

鲜卑人来到盛乐以后,在首次举行祭天仪式时,就受到了汉文化的改正朔思想的影响,其施行的正朔就是参照了周正历法。并且该历法一直延续到孝文帝太和十八年。而北魏建国时又施行夏正历法,可以说两种历法并行是北魏的历法特点。其次是鲜卑人在漠北生活期间,其宇宙观是天圆地圆,进入中原以后,开始逐渐向天圆地方的宇宙观转变,而方坛正是两种宇宙观交汇的产物。最后是"天子"作为天之子祭天,不但是完成祭天礼制,也有表达"孝"的人间伦理的含义。从而天子与天构建出汉文化独有的"孝"的宇宙观思想。北魏建国时便接受了"孝"的宇宙观,并对其后的唐王朝也产生了很大的影响。

Xianbei people（鲜卑人）had been affected by Han Dynastic Culture＇s changing of Lunar January（正朔）when holding the ritual of heaven worship after coming to Shengle（盛乐）.The Lunar January they implemented referred to the calendar of Zhou Dynasty.And this calendar had been lasting until the18th year in Taihe Period of Emperor Xiaowen（孝文帝太和十八年）.While the Lunar January in Xia Dynasty came into use when Northern Wei Dynasty was founded.The implementation of two calendars was the feature of Northern Wei Dynasty.Further more,during the time when Xianbei People lived in Mobei（漠北）,their cosmology was that both the heaven and the earth were round.Their cosmology had changed to the view that the heaven was round but the earth was square after immigrating to Zhongyuan（中原）.The square altar was the product after two views mixing.Finally the Tianzi was sent to sacrifice to heaven as a son of heaven,which not only meant the implementation of the heaven-worship ritual,but also expressed the ethic of Xiao（孝）.Thereby Tianzi（天子）and Tian（天）constituted the unique cosmology of Xiao.In its stage of nation-building Northern Wei accepted the cosmology of Xiao which had great influence on the following Tang Dynasty.