基于生态位理论的湿地生态经济功能评价——以苏北盐城海滨湿地为例

Evaluation of Wetland Ecological-Economic Functions Based on the Niche Theory:A Case Study on Yancheng Coastal Wetlands

湿地开发与保护矛盾的实质是人类在湿地生态经济功能利用上的冲突,湿地系统生态经济功能变化的动态评价,对协调湿地资源开发与保护冲突有着重要的现实意义。文章利用生态位理论,界定了湿地功能生态经济位的内涵及其在湿地管理中的意义,构建了湿地功能评价的生态经济位评价模型,并以盐城滨海湿地为例进行了实证研究。研究表明:①盐城滨海湿地系统经历了生态功能不断降低甚至丧失生态服务功能、经济功能不断提高的发展历程,且这种变化还在延续;②盐城滨海湿地系统在生态和经济功能上存在明显的空间分异边界,在湿地资源的利用上,不存在适宜开发的湿地功能过渡地带,表明现有的"滚动"开发模式不是以湿地功能为导向,而是更多地依据开发通达度、开发成本等其它因素;③协调湿地保护与开发矛盾,需要有科学的湿地功能区划工作来指导。

There is frequently a conflict between wetland conservation and utilization due to a variety of ecological and economic functions of wetlands.As the wetland system and its ecological and economic functions change,dynamic evaluation of such a process is of great importance for coordinating the conflicts between wetland development and conservation.The wetland development and conservation was a process involving ecological and economic factors with ecological-economic characteristics and functions.In this paper,by analogy with the species or communities of the ecological niche theory,the construction unit with basic ecological and economic functions was considered an ecological-economic unit（EEU）in the wetland system.The ecological-economic niche（EEN）is defined as the status of EEU in possession of resources or the function position of EEU,i.e.,the EEN is the position and function of EEU in the wetland system. Based on the ecological niche theory,the paper defines the most adaptive niche which is of the highest ecological value or could provide the largest net-economic benefits.Involving the most adaptive niche and the realistic niche of wetland functions,the ecostate and ecorole of the EEN for wetland functions were formulated.The ecostate of ecological functions,for example,is the nearness degree between the most adaptive ecological niche and the realistic ecological niche.The ecorole can essentially reflect the trend of the realistic ecological niche and the most adaptive ecological niche.The EEN of wetland functions was formulated by the ecostate and the ecorole. We extensively explored evaluation methods for wetland functions of the Yancheng wetlands in a 1 km×1 km unit of EEN based on the ecological-economic niche model.The ecological-economic functions value provided by the natural and artificial wetlands,including wetland productions, water purification,atmospheric regulation,important species habitats,benefits of agricultural production,and water pollution,were considered.Results indicated that：1）the coastal wetland system has experienced a course of continuing reductions and losses in ecological functions and services,but the economic functions were progressively intensified.This trend is likely to continue; 2）over the study area,the ecological functions and economic functions show explicitly spatial variability,and there is no transition zone for suitable development.It was implied that the existing ＂rolling＂development mode of Yancheng coastal wetlands is not wetland function-oriented but largely dependent on the accessibility to development and development costs,etc.;and 3）to coordinate the conflict between development and conservation,scientific wetland function zoning is required.