董仲舒天人关系的思想史意义

The Meaning of Dong Zhongshu's View about the Relationship Between Heaven and Man in the History of Thought

董仲舒的天道观主要表现为阴阳五行四时的自然生化过程,其天人关系又是一种"相副"与"感应"模式,这似乎都是中国哲学的常识。但是,如果将其作为先秦儒学精神的一种落实,则马上就可以看出其天道观中自然与人文的互补色彩与人生观中道德秩序和宗教精神的互渗特征,尤其是他从神性主宰之天角度提出的"感应——奖惩"模式,明确地表达了其对大一统政权及其运作进行规范的愿望,而对个体的道德修养来说,则又是一种来自客观向度的报应与确保希冀。所有这些,都是儒学与大一统政权初步结合的尝试,也表现了儒家对人伦秩序的一种全面安排。而由此所形成的儒家天人构架及其主体性与客观性的互补特征,也就奠定了中国文化的基本形态与发展道路。

Dong Zhongshu s view about Heaven was mainly shown as the natural process of the producing and changing of the Yin and Yang, the Five Elements and the Four Seasons, and the relationship between Heaven and Man was regarded as a mode ＂resemblance＂ and ＂interaction＂, which seemed to be common sense in Chinese philosophy. But if we consider Dong Zhongshu s view about Heaven as an implementation of the Confucianist spirit from the Pre - Qin Period, we can find out the feature of mutual supplement between the nature and humanities in his view about Heaven, and the feature of mutual penetration between ethical order and religious spirit in his outlook on life. Particularly, the mode of ＂interaction-rewarding and punishment＂, which he put forward in god s dominating nature, definitely conveyed his will to normalize the great monarchic power and its operation. All these were attempts of the initial combination of Confucianism and the great monarchic power, and also demonstrated an overall arrangement of the order of human relations by Confucianism. The Confueianist structure of Heaven and Man, and the mutual supplement between subjectivity and objectivity in this structure, were thus formed, which set up the basic pattern of Chinese culture and its road for development.