职业体育联盟准入限制的反垄断考察--基于美国反垄断司法实践

Antitrust Analysis of Membership Restrictions of Professional Sports Leagues——Based on U.S.Antitrust Judicial Experience

职业体育反垄断一直以来都是一个十分复杂而又区别于其他领域反垄断实践的特殊领域。职业体育联盟的准入限制规则一直以来都受到反垄断法的严格审查。然而由于职业体育的特殊性,使得反垄断法对职业体育联盟准入限制规则的调整变得十分复杂。主要采用案例分析、比较分析和逻辑分析等方法,对职业体育联盟适用"关键设施"理论进行了论证,并就附属性限制原则适用于对职业体育联盟准入限制的反垄断分析进行了深入的考察。最后,从竞赛产品质量、联盟的管理、俱乐部特许专营权市场以及"搭便车"等方面对职业体育联盟准入限制作为附属性限制的合理性进行了证明。

Professional sports antitrust have long been a complicated and different from other industries.Antitrust laws should not treat them any differently than firms in other industries.Membership restrictions have always been antitrust scrutiny.Because of the special nature of professional sports,it has becomes very complicated to adjust membership restrictions.This paper,using the case analysis,comparative analysis and logic analysis,discusses the leagues that should be deemed to be essential facilities,explores the ancillary restraints,and defines the types of membership rules which the leagues should be permitted to adopt.Finally,a brief evidence analysis to membership restrictions as reasonable ancillary restraints is made from the products quality,leagues management,franchises and free-rider.The main purpose is to provide a new perspective to adjust professional sports membership restrictions.