北宋政情、政风下的转对制

The Researches on System of Zhuan-dui under Political Environment of Northern Song Dynasty

转对是关乎君臣沟通的重要的奏对制度,其兴起虽可远溯至中唐,但迭经晚唐、五代的变迁,实际上已日渐衰微。宋初因现实政治的需要,转对得以在五代的模式下重整,形制、功用去唐已远,本是一种临时性议政求言举措。降至仁宗时期,言路已广,皇权亦固,加之朝野纷纷,转对是否必要竟成疑问,幸有士大夫为求扩大政治参与而对其意义再度强调与发掘,该制存在价值方在新的意义体系中得到承认。此后历经神宗朝的实践,转对在北宋晚期虽因政情所限,运行尚乏活力,但已由当时的政治文化陶铸成一种稳定的集体行为与制度惯例,影响着此后的政治运作。

The system of Zhuan-dui was important in communications between emperors and offices,which could be traced to middle of Tang Dynasty.While,it was decaying at five dynasties in late Tang.At the beginning of Song,it was formally resumed because of politics,but its function was changed too much.For at first it just an occasional action to ask advices,but at time of Ren zong emperpor,the development of ways of taking advices and the chaos of public opinions,the value of Zhuan-dui was even doubtful.However this system was reconstructed by some scholar-bureaucrats and its importance was admitted in new value system,too.Though Zhuan-dui was lackluster at the end of Northern Song Dynasty,it had a significant impact on subsequent politics because it had been changed to steady collective action and convention by political culture.