春秋战国时期国家间的灾害救助

The Interstate Salvation against Disasters during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

春秋战国时期是我国历史上特有的邦国林立、各自为政的时期,而邦国间灾害救助的思想源流可以追溯到夏商时期,《周礼》的"凶礼"和"荒礼"中明确记载了周朝宗主国与"封建"邦国及邦国之间灾害救助的礼仪。儒家、墨家等诸子的思想体系中包含有诸侯邦国之间灾害救助的内容。春秋战国时期邦国之间订立的盟约多把灾害救助列入其中,更出现过像"泛舟之役"那样的灾害救助实例。不容否认,天下大乱、争霸不息的春秋战国,邦国间的灾害救助也难免带有功利色彩,有的甚至把灾害救助作为战争手段的补充。但救灾恤邻、扶危济困的事实表明,即使在"礼崩乐坏"的混战年代,维系人类生存及发展的基本道德观念也未曾泯灭,而对受害国家的灾难救助,总会或多或少地减轻灾民们的苦难,有利于缓解纷乱不息的社会矛盾,也为我们提供了值得汲取的历史经验。

It was a unique period in China that multistates standing in great numbers,and each did things in its own way. The ideological origins of disaster-relieves could be traced back to the Xia and the Shang Dynasties.The content on dis-aster-salvation between the suzerain and its feudal states and interstates was recorded clearly in the ＂Xiongli＂ and ＂Huangli＂ in ＂Zhouli＂ in the Zhou dynasty.The contents on disaster-relieves among vassal and states were contained within the idealistic systems of thinkers such as Confucianism and Mohist,which was listed in the covenants made between states,just like ＂Battle of boating＂ as an instance in the Spring and Autumn Period.It can not be denied that the chaotic endless hegemony imposed utilitarian on such disaster-relieves during the Spring and Autumn period inevitably,some even taking disaster-relieves on as a supplementary means of wars.But such facts also indicated that the basic moral values maintaining human survival and development were not devoid even in the chaotic era in spite that the assistance to the affected countries always alleviated the suffering of the people,which made for alleviating the endless cha-otic conflicts.All of these had provided us with historical experience.