工业化初期英国社会流动的趋势和特点——以企业家集团的来源为例

The Tendencies and Traits of Social Mobility in British Society during the Industrial Revolution:Some Research on the Origins of British Industrialists

英国工业革命时期企业家集团的形成、发展和壮大,是在工业化推动下英国社会阶层结构发生的重大变化。对这一新兴社会集团的阶层出身进行研究,能够揭示工业化早期英国社会流动的趋势和特点。在充分掌握关于工业革命时期英国企业家集团来源的计量研究成果基础上,借鉴社会学中有关社会阶层结构研究的方法,考察英国企业家集团起源所揭示的代际流动和代内流动趋势、先赋性因素和后致性因素在企业家创业成长中的影响,讨论工业化冲击下英国社会流动机制的变化,可以发现,在工业化早期,英国社会流动具有社会开放度提高、水平流动占主流、垂直流动跨度小、底层中等阶级面临向上和向下两种流动压力等四大特点。

With the development of industrial Revolution,the numbers and power of the founders and owners of industrial enterprises grew rapidly,the industrialists became an important and special bloc of British social structure.The Trends and Traits of Social Mobility in British Society can be reflected with the research on the origins of Industrialists.Many scholars did their research by the method of quantitative analysis and came out with some new findings.Based on the studying of classical social theories,the author first analyzes the intergenerational and intragenerational mobility trends indicated in the origins of industrialists,secondly the author analyses the different effects of congenital factors and ac-quired factors on the development of industrials and the changes of social mobility mechanism.The last part of this paper discusses emphatically the four traits of social mobility in Britain during the Industrial Revolution,such as The advancement of opening degree,the dominance of horizontal mobility,the minor span of vertical mobility and the pressing tendency of flow-up or flow-down faced by lower middle-classes in the British social structure.