“误读”与新义——经学文本诠释刍议

Misreading and New Connotations:On Interpretations of the Text of Confucian Classics

中国的文本诠释学产生于战国时期。从文本诠释的内容、性质和体例看,大致可分为两类。一类是义理诠释学,一般称为"传"。另一类是语言诠释学,一般称为"训诂"或"诂训"。传的特点是"解说经义","并经文所未言者而引申之","多离经"。诂训的特点是"第就经文所言者而诠释之",追求文本原貌、原义。但是,在文本诠释的历史实践中,传往往离不开训诂,训诂也离不开传。"传"的内容在西方诠释学中又称作"误读"。我们借用"误读"的概念只是为了吸收西方文本诠释中的合理成分,并不是同意放弃追求文本原貌、原义的真理性原则。在中国文化史上,"误读"是创建新义理的一种方式,也是为汉语增加新质要素的一种方式。"误读"源于春秋战国间"断章取义"、"以意逆志"、"诗无达诂"的文本阅读诠释理论,是一种理论创新、语言创新的手段。"误读"在易学发展史上,尤其《易经》与《易传》的关系上有着重要的理论价值,有着突出的解释力。

Chinese hermeneutics of text came into being in the Warring States period （475-221 BCE）. By the contents,properties,and styles,this kind of hermeneutics can be divided into two types：one is meaning-pattern hermeneutics,generally called Zhuan （Commentaries）; the other is linguistic hermeneutics,generally called exegesis. Commentaries characterize with extension of meanings,while exegesis characterizes with pursuing original meanings of the text. But,in the historical practice of the hermeneutics of text,it can be seen that these two types are inseparable. The contents of the Commentaries in Western hermeneutics are called misreading. We borrow the concept of ＂misreading＂is just to assimilate reasonable component of Western hermeneutics of text,but we do not agree to abandon original appearance and meanings of the text. In the history of Chinese culture,＂misreading＂ is a mode to create new meanings and a mode to add new elements to Chinese language. As innovations of theory and language,＂misreading＂ originated from the text hermeneutics theories such as quoting out of context to suit one＇s purposes,pluralism in interpretations of the text popular in between the Spring and Autumn period and Warring States period. However,＂misreading＂ is a measure to innovate theories and language. ＂Misreading＂ in the history of the Yi studies,especially in the relationship between the Text and Commentaries of the Yi jing possesses significant theoretic value and prominent interpretability.