密尔功利主义容纳个人权利的方法探析

The Exploration to the Methods Containing Individual Right of Mill's Utilitarianism

功利主义因以功利最大化为道德评判的标准,被指责可能会为了追求功利的最大化而导致对个人权利的侵犯。密尔通过把人类关键性利益设定为个人的基础权利、把功利原则设定为价值论原则两种方法,使功利主义在一定程度上容纳了个人权利,并为我们提供了一种应该如何设定权利的说明,也为我们分析特定情形中的权利的权限范围提供了基础。但是,密尔的方法仍然面临着"幸福"概念无法达成共识所导致的难题。

Because the moral judgment standard of utilitarianism is maximum utility,utilitarianism is blamed that it may led to violation of the rights of individuals.Mill adopted two methods to make utilitarianism to contain the rights of individuals in a certain extent.One method is defining the crucial interests of mankind as the basis rights of individual;the other method is defining the principle of utility as the principle of axiology.The methods provide us an explain that we should how to set up a right;and provide us a base on which we analyze the right purview of a special right.But the methods are still faced with some problem which caused by the concept of ＂happiness＂,because the concept of ＂happiness＂ cannot achieve a common reorganization.