普世伦理与道德的先验实在基础——兼与陈亚军教授商榷

The A Priori Nature of Universal Ethics and Morality——A Dialog with Professor Chen Yajun

道德的本体基础是元伦理学中的核心问题之一。在我国学术界,一种颇为流行的观点是主张普世伦理与价值的后验性,并基于认识论、语义哲学等理论对其做了论证。然而,道德后验主义一个致命的缺陷是其最终将滑向道德相对主义,从而自我否定道德这一实在命题。道德规范性约束的合法性、道德对话的根本可能性、道德的非主观性最终都归因于道德本身的先验实在性。先验的道德实在主义强调客观的规范性事实的存在,承认一个价值承载的世界的存在。然而,这并不代表着一个反科学世界观的本体论观点。在根本意义上,道德先验实在主义并不意味着坚持一个冗余的本体论,相反,道德价值的先验实在性能够同时从亚里士多德与康德的主体性理论那里得到验证与辩护。

The metaphysical foundation of morality is one of the central issues in metaethics.In China＇s philosophical circles,a popular position is the insistence on the a posteriori nature of universal morality and value.This view is usually argued for from the perspectives of epistemology and semantics.But the flaw of such a position lies in its amounting to a version of moral relativism,which in turn denies the real nature of universal morality.The legitimacy of moral normativity,the possibility of moral dialog,and the objective nature of morality all rest on its a priori nature.A priori moral realism insists on the existence of objectively normative facts and of a value-laden world.But this does not mean it represents an anti-scientific ontology.On the fundamental level,the a priori nature of morality can be justified by appeal to Aristotle＇s and Kant＇s theories of moral autonomy.