摘要
Background Despite 100 years of research, the continued absence of well-established risk factors impedes the diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome （IC/PBS）. We aimed to identify risk factors in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms （LUTS） without urinary tract infection or benign prostate hyperplasia in China.Methods A total of 397 outpatients with LUTS presenting for care to urology clinics in several hospitals throughout China were surveyed using a standardized questionnaire and validated outcome measures. The definitions for painful bladder syndrome based on the O‘Leary-Sant interstitial cystitis symptom and problem indices were used. The prevalence of possible risk factors was analyzed using the Fisher＇s exact test and Pearson chi-square test, and multivariate predictive models were developed using binary Logistic regression methods.Results Of those multi-centre patients surveyed, including 174 women and 223 men, 41% （162/397） met criteria for painful bladder syndrome. There was a significant difference between women and men （55% （95/174） vs. 30% （67/223）,P 〈0.001）. Women with IC/PBS were more likely than those without IC/PBS to report a history of gynecological infections （odds ratio （OR）： 2.85; 95% confidence interval （CI）： 1.32-6.16, P=0.007）, intake of stimulatory foods （OR： 3.52; 95% CI：1.50-8.30; P=0.004）, irritable bowel （OR： 3.46; 95% CI： 1.22-9.80; P=0.014） and/or anorectal disease （OR： 2.68; 95% CI：1.12-6.40, P=0.023）. After adjusting for confounding factors, bladder pain was significantly associated with stimulatory foods （OR： 3.85; 95% CI： 1.58-9.36, P=0.003） and anorectal disease （OR： 2.76; 95% CI： 1.09-7.04, P=0.03） in women.Caffeine beverage intake （OR： 3.54; 95% CI： 1.54-8.12, P=0.003） was identified the only modifiable association noted in multivariate analysis of men.Conclusions We found that stimutatory foods, anorectal disease and caffeine beverages are potential risk factors for IC/PBS. Further studies are necessary to determine their role in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
Background Despite 100 years of research, the continued absence of well-established risk factors impedes the diagnosis and treatment of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome （IC/PBS）. We aimed to identify risk factors in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms （LUTS） without urinary tract infection or benign prostate hyperplasia in China.Methods A total of 397 outpatients with LUTS presenting for care to urology clinics in several hospitals throughout China were surveyed using a standardized questionnaire and validated outcome measures. The definitions for painful bladder syndrome based on the O‘Leary-Sant interstitial cystitis symptom and problem indices were used. The prevalence of possible risk factors was analyzed using the Fisher＇s exact test and Pearson chi-square test, and multivariate predictive models were developed using binary Logistic regression methods.Results Of those multi-centre patients surveyed, including 174 women and 223 men, 41% （162/397） met criteria for painful bladder syndrome. There was a significant difference between women and men （55% （95/174） vs. 30% （67/223）,P 〈0.001）. Women with IC/PBS were more likely than those without IC/PBS to report a history of gynecological infections （odds ratio （OR）： 2.85; 95% confidence interval （CI）： 1.32-6.16, P=0.007）, intake of stimulatory foods （OR： 3.52; 95% CI：1.50-8.30; P=0.004）, irritable bowel （OR： 3.46; 95% CI： 1.22-9.80; P=0.014） and/or anorectal disease （OR： 2.68; 95% CI：1.12-6.40, P=0.023）. After adjusting for confounding factors, bladder pain was significantly associated with stimulatory foods （OR： 3.85; 95% CI： 1.58-9.36, P=0.003） and anorectal disease （OR： 2.76; 95% CI： 1.09-7.04, P=0.03） in women.Caffeine beverage intake （OR： 3.54; 95% CI： 1.54-8.12, P=0.003） was identified the only modifiable association noted in multivariate analysis of men.Conclusions We found that stimutatory foods, anorectal disease and caffeine beverages are potential risk factors for IC/PBS. Further studies are necessary to determine their role in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
