不作为侵权责任之罗马法溯源

On the Source of Roman Law of Tortuous Responsibility of Omission

看似古老的罗马法中却包含着现代性的因素,即对不作为侵权责任的肯定。从具体制度的设计看,罗马法肯定了未尽提醒义务的责任、未尽治疗义务的责任、堆置或悬挂物件的责任、船东、旅馆业主和马厩的经营人的责任四种违反积极作为义务的责任。从侵权责任的构成要件看,罗马法肯定了不作为之行为,并对过错采用了注意义务的客观判断标准。罗马法的做法虽与现代法有所不同,但它为后世的不作为侵权责任的发展作了重要的铺垫。

The ancient Roman law includes modern factors,namely,the affirmation of the tortuous responsibility of omission.As far as specific regulations are concerned,Roman law confirm four responsibilities of breaching affirmative duties,namely,the responsibility of breaching the duty to remind,the responsibility of breaching the duty to cure,de positis et suspensis and receptum nautarum cauponum stabulariarum.In the case of constitutive requirements of tortuous responsibility,Roman law recognizes that omission is a tort and adopts the objective standard of duty of care to judge ＂fault＂.There are some differences between Roman law and modern law,however,Roman law pays good way for the development of the tortuous responsibility of omission and exerts a far-reaching impact on later ages.