说谎何以成为一个哲学问题?——分析哲学的研究进路

How Lying to be a Philosophical Problem? ——From the Perspectives of Analytic Philosophy

关于说谎的道德评价和"善意的谎言"的道德辩护问题,在思想史上相当惹人注目。与传统的道德哲学研究路径不同,分析哲学家们在说谎问题上的研究路径主要是意义/指称分析、心理学哲学分析、语言发生学分析、意向分析和言语行动分析。他们提示了一种试图以语言分析探询事物之本性的态度,这些看法与传统上对说谎做出价值评判有较大差异:首先,分析哲学家们自觉地把说谎当作一种言语行动,主要从语言哲学、心理学哲学而非实践哲学上进行考察;其次,他们更注重对说谎的概念分析和心理学哲学的考察。有理由认为,相对于前辈们对说谎问题的实质—实践考察,他们更加侧重于说谎问题的形式—理论分析。通过对说谎行为的观念考察和概念澄清,可以加深对人类说谎现象的了解,帮助我们解决和消解与此相关的某些智性困惑,同时也为我们对日常生活问题的哲学分析提供某些思路。

The moral evaluation of lying and the moral justification of 'white lies' has been the concern of many thinkers for thousands of years. Many analytic philosophers have investigated the problem of lying from new perspectives. Gottlob Frege gave a meaning/ referring analysis on lying; Ludwig Wittgenstein constructed a philosophical psychology for lying; W. V. O. Quine gave a linguistic phylogeny analysis on lying; G. E. M. Anscombe and Donald Davidson presented an intentional investigation on lying. The conceptual investigation and clarification on lying could deepen the understanding of the phenomenon of lying and help us to dissolve some relating intellectual confuse, as well as offer some thinking approaches for philosophical analysis on the problems of daily life.