充足理由律及其与矛盾律的关系——从笛卡尔、斯宾诺莎到莱布尼茨

Law of Sufficient Reason and Its Relation to Law of Contradiction——From Descartes,Spinoza to Leibniz

笛卡尔和斯宾诺莎虽然把矛盾律作为最高思维法则,但实际上已经在矛盾律的框架内使用了充足理由律.而莱布尼茨发现仅靠矛盾律作为推理基础是不够的,于是他明确提出了充足理由律,并把它放到与矛盾律同等重要的位置,甚至更重视充足理由律.在实际应用中,莱布尼茨辩证地处理二者的关系:充足理由律的内涵更丰富,包含着矛盾律;矛盾律依然是观念世界的基本法则,同时也是充足理由律应用的前提和逻辑基础;二者对有些命题而言都是适用的.

Descartes and Spinoza regarded the law of contradiction as the supreme law of thinking, but in fact they had already used the law of sufficient reason within the framework of the law of contradiction. However, Leibniz found that it was not enough to regard the law of contradiction as the only basis for reasoning. So he put forward the law of sufficient reason definitely and put it in the position of equal importance to that of the law of contradiction. He even attached more importance to the law of sufficient reason. In practical application, Leibniz dealt with the relation between the two principles dialectically： the connotation of the law of sufficient reason was richer and it contained the law of contradiction; the law of contradiction was still the basic law of notional world and at the same time it was also the premise and logical basis for the application of the law of sufficient reason; both of the two principles were applicable to some propositions