“癸卯学制”与美学课在中国的最初确认和布局

The Preliminary Recognition and Distribution of "Guimao School System" and Aesthetics Course in China

中国人对美学的自觉与进行美学课程的设计这两件事几乎是同时发生的。"美学"这个汉语词汇虽在明清之际就由传教士高一志(Alfonse Vagoni)提出来了,但其含义有些类似于"良知",1875年,德国传教士花之安确实使用了真正意义上的"美学"概念,但却被历史悬置,给人们对美学的学科自觉没能带来有效性。20多年后的1897年,美学一词虽由梁启超以一本日译书的书名提出,但真正作为一个现代学科的美学则是伴随着现代教育的需要被确认的。中国现代美学教育花了10年左右的时间,经历两个阶段,即先是以"癸卯学制"中的《奏定大学堂章程》为标志,在"建筑学门"中作为"补助课"被设置,但这种设计还不够科学和合理;二是以王国维的《奏定经学科文学科大学章程书后》为标志,在中国现代大学的课程体系中给美学课程以独立的身份和较为科学合理的布局,但美学课程走出设计,转化为一种普遍的教学事件大概还是在这以后的事情。

Chinese people＇s self consciousness of aesthetics and the design of aesthetics course occured almost at the same time.The Chinese term of aesthetics was advanced by missionary Alfonse Vagoni in the transition of Ming and Qing Dynasties,but its implication was similar to ＂conscience＂.In 1875the German missionary Ernst Faber used a concept of ＂aesthetics＂in real sense,but it was suspened by history,which did not lead to efficacy of self consciousness in aesthetics course.Twenty years later,in 1897,the term aesthetics was put forward by Liang Qichao in a translated book from Japanese,but as a real modern subject,aesthetics is confirmed with the requirements of modern education.It took about 10 years for Chinese modern aesthetics education to develop,which underwent two phases,first represented by ＂Reported College Constitution＂ in ＂Guimao School System＂,existing as an ＂assistant course＂ in ＂architecture courses＂,which was not quite scientific and reasonable,and the second represented by Wang Guowei＇s ＂Post Reported College Constitution of Liberal Arts＂,existing as an independent course and scientific and reasonable planning.However,aesthetic course went beyond design and transformed into a universal education event only afterwards.