1DAVID H JONASSEN. The handbook of research for educational communications and technology[M]. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc, Publishers: The Association for Educational Communications and Technology, 2001 : 545.
2TIFFANY A KOSZALKA, Gagne R M. Conditions of learning. [EB/OL].(2004-01-10)[2008-12-18].http://suedweb.syr.edu/Facul ty/TaKoszal/GagneConceptMap _9events.pdf.
3GAGNE R M, DAVID M, MER RILL. Integrative goals for instructional design[J]. Educational Technology Research and Development. 1990, 38 ( 1 ): 23-30.
4GAGNE R M. Studies of learning 50 years of research[M]. Florida: Florida State University Tallahassee, 1989: Preface.
5BRIGGS L .J Thirty years of instructional design: one man's experience[J]. Educational Technology, 1980, 20 ( 2 ): 45 -50.
