农村土地经营权流转对区域景观的影响——以北京市昌平区为例

Effect of agricultural land management right transfer on regional landscape: a case in Changping district,Beijing

中国农村土地经营权流转产生的影响是多方面的,但目前对于土地流转在景观方面的研究尚比较匮乏,而土地权属对于景观影响的重要性在近些年的相关研究中已经得到印证。因此全面考量土地流转在景观上的影响,能为相关政策提供依据。以北京市昌平区为例,对比分析了土地流转后所形成的流转经营权类型与尚未发生流转的农户家庭经营权类型、集体经营权类型以及它们的土地利用类型在景观格局上的特征及差异。结果表明:土地流转明显偏向经济较发达区域,呈现出多样化的土地利用方式,农业土地规模化经营程度有所提高,但建设性地类的大量分布也导致部分土地零碎化;流转后土地斑块整体上较为方正,但粮食作物用地依然有大量狭长斑块;流转后建设性地类斑块呈现分散布局特征,而农业性地类的斑块连片程度相对较低。因此昌平区农村土地流转虽然一定程度上提高了农业土地的经营规模,但流转后大量土地的非粮化、非农化的利用,影响了区域粮食生产安全。其次建设用地等非农用地的斑块导致农田景观基质的破碎化,在降低了农田生态环境效应的同时,也带来了环境污染风险。

Land management right transfer is another significant farmland innovation after the Household Contract Responsibility （HCR） system. It has profound environmental and socioeconomic impacts on our complex society, and relevant research has been increased rapidly during the past decade. These researches mainly involve the policy＇s impacts on society, economy and its mechanism. However, as far as we know, the effect of this innovation on landscape is poorly understood. In fact, the relationship between land rights and landscape has been concerned by abroad scholars in recent years. Since the importance of innovation＇s effect on landscape at patch level, our study would provide valuable information for policy establishment. In this article, we take Changping district of Beijing as a case, and categorize the rural productive land into three right types as first level landscape and ten land-use types as second level landscape. The right types are Family type, Rental type and Collectivity type respectively. Family type means that farmer gets the right by land allotment of rural community. Rental type means that Farmer or economic organization gets other farmers＇ rights by exchange, tenancy or other ways. Collectivity type means that collective organization gets the right by reserving partial land in the process of land allotment of rural community. Based on extracting boundaries of land patches partitioned by rights, we analyzed landscape characteristics of the three land right types and their land-use types respectively by calculating several patch-level landscape metrics. The results show that land management right transfer is subjected to developed areas, where land-use structure is transformed from dominant crop land to various land-use types. Ahhough the patch-level operation scale of agricultural land has increased, a large amount of construction land also leads to fragmentation of regional landscape. Land patches present relatively square shape, however, narrow patches still account for a large proportion in crops land. Furthermore, patches of construction land present mosaic pattern, while the degrees of connected patches of agricultural land-use types remain relatively low. Based on the results, although land transfer enhanced the agricultural land use intensity, non-crop land also imperiled the food security of the region. In addition, construction land patches lead to fragmentation of farmland landscape. As a consequence, it weakened the ecological effect of farmland landscape and increased the risk of environmental pollution. The original intention of this reform is to solve the performance bottlenecks of agricultural production under the HCR system, but our results show that there is a gap between effects of policy enforcement and the goal. So for the future policy optimization and regional ecosystem management, first, we suggest that the government should avoid further fragmentation on the family right type and make collective organizations full guide the land transfer, especially, in the region where the economy and location conditions are relative backward. Second, for the noncrop land use tendency after transfer, besides strengthening land use supervision, government and collective organization should actively support big farming household and impel the connected patches transfer. Last, the government should establish corresponding system of environmental assessment and avoid agricultural land, especially, crop land to be contaminated by industry and recreation activity around.