论马克思主义视野中读者的自由问题——以毛泽东和萨特为例

On Reader＇s Freedom from the Perspective of Marxism： Taking MAO Ze-dong and Sartre as Example

从马克思主义的立场出发，读者的存在及其主体地位的获得是受特定社会实践制约的。文学要履行其社会责任而不想成为纯粹的消遣，就要对读者有所期待、承诺甚至号召，渴望具有主体性的读者和文本或作者进行顺利的对话。但是，历史的、具体的接受者无论是能够自由行动的主体，还是追求自由的主体，他都有可能拒绝作品，甚至放弃他的接受权力。毛泽东和萨特都看到，作者对此是无能为力的，所不同的是，前者采取意识形态控制的方法，而后者则将这一矛盾推向了遥远的乌托邦。

The existence of readers and construction of readers subjective status are restricted by certain social practice from the standpoint of Marxism. Literature should perform responsibility other than become pure recreation, so it must show readers expectation, promise and call, and desires to talk with subjective readers and text or authors. But the historical and concrete recipient, acting freely or seeking the free, may refuse the works and even relinquish his power. Mao Ze-doug and Sartre found that the author can do nothing with it. Mao took an approach of ideology controlling, while Sartre pushed the contradictions to remote Utopia ： the readers in a society without class would answer the call of freedom thoroughly.