我国60年职业危害普查和大规模调查的回顾分析

Review of occupational hazard census and large-scale surveys in sixty years in China

目的 比较和分析新中国成立以来我国历次职业危害普查和大规模调查的方式和成果,总结经验,为新时期开展职业危害摸底调查工作提供借鉴.方法 检索新中国成立以来我国职业病危害普查和大规模调查的文献资料,只入选在全国范围内实施的调查项目,提炼出调查时间、调查范围和规模、调查行业或企业、调查职业病种类、职业病检出率、组织实施和技术指导机构、调查实施方式等,并总结分析各次调查的成果和经验.结果 新中国成立以来,卫生部门联合其他部门共进行了7次全国范围或全国较大范围的职业危害调查工作,其中3次矽肺或尘肺危害普查,2次毒物和致癌物职业危害调查,1次工业企业噪声危害调查,1次以乡镇工业企业为对象,进行尘肺和职业中毒的综合调查.结论 领导重视是做好调查工作的根本保证,健全的职业病防治机构是做好调查工作的基础,有关部门的密切协作是做好调查工作的重要条件,多学科团队、科学设计、质量控制和激励机制是高质量调查工作的保证,应该以行业为基础进行调查方案的设计和实施.

Objective To compare and analyze the all previous censuses and large-scale surveys on occupational hazard in China, draw lessons from the past, and try to provide references for the development of census or surveys on the occupational hazard in the new period. Methods A literature retrieval was performed mainly on the occupational hazard census and large-scale surveys since the founding of People＇s Republic of China. Only the survey items carried on a national scale were selected. Some keywords were drawn from these items such as survey time, survey scope, industries, occupational diseases and the rate of examination. organization and technical director, methods and so on. The outcomes and experiences were summarized. Results Since the founding of People＇ s Republic of China, there were seven occupational hazard census and large-scale surveys carried in China, three of them were about silicosis or pneumoconiosis, two of them were about poison and carcinogens, one was about noise, another one was about the township industrial enterprises. Conclusion Leadership attention is the fundamental guarantee of the success of the survey. The sound occupational health management organizations are the base. The collaborative relationship with each other is an important factor, and only the interdisciplinary team, scientific design, quality control and incentive mechanism could assure the quality of the survey. The survey should be designed and carried out according to industries.