试论作为一种元科学研究的科学社会学

A Discussion of Sociology of Science as An Elemental Study of Science

科学社会学脱胎于科学哲学。科学社会学经历了两大发展时期:一为默顿的传统范式,一为科学知识社会学的范式。前者主要研究科学的外围社会文化,后者则转向研究科学知识本身。二者整合起来形成了内外互补的研究局面。作为一种元研究的科学社会学既具有条分缕析、逻辑周密的特点,也具有科学史那样的历史感和丰富性,是科学元研究中内部研究和外部研究的典范。科学社会学的作用突出地表现在对科学的祛魅方面——对常识科学观的社会学颠覆,展示了另一幅科学的景象。

Sociology of Science comes from Philosophy of Science.It has undergone two major periods of development,one was the paradigm of Merton tradition,another was the paradigm of sociology of scientific knowledge,the former focuses on social and cultural factors of sciences external,the latter turns to scientific knowledge itself.The two complements each other.As an elemental study,Sociology of Science not only has the characteristic logical feature,but also has the feature just like History of Science.It is a typical model of combining of the internal and the external.Sociology of Science plays an important role in re-understanding of science.