适用于清代蒙古也克沙毕之法律——大活佛之领民与刑事裁判

The Law which is Applicable to the Shabi of Yeke in Mongolia of Qing Dynasty——People of the Grand Living Buddhas and the Criminal Justice

在清朝统治时期,外蒙古的游牧民除贵族与奴隶外,还可分为隶属于清朝皇帝的自由民(箭丁)、隶属于蒙古贵族的随丁和隶属于藏传佛教活佛的沙毕(庙丁)等三种身份。其中,对适用于前两者的法律制度已明确,但在沙毕身份人群中,隶属于库伦大活佛的也克沙毕处在特殊的管理机构之下,什么样的法律才能适用于他们的罪行,对此问题有的三种学说各执一词,未能完全明确。为此,本文选择清末发生的三起也克沙毕刑事案件,初步确定判决所使用的法律,证明除原来有效的蒙古法《喀尔喀吉鲁姆》以外,清朝的"蒙古例"和《大清律例》在清末有着强烈的效力,另外《喀尔喀吉鲁姆》之判例集《乌兰哈齐尔特》在清朝灭亡之际仍保持其判例效力。

In Qing dynasty,besides nobles and slaves,Mongolia nomads can also be divided into three kinds of identity that the freedmen （JianDing）which were directly under the Qing Emperor,the attendant which were attached to the Mongolian nobility and the Shabi （MiaoDing） which were attached to the living Buddha of Tibetan Buddhism. Among them,legal system for the first two identities is well identified,but the Shabi of Yeke,among the people of the Shabi identities,which belongs to the Great Living Buddha of Urga,were under a special administration. For which law can be applicable to their crime,there are three kinds of theory on this issue,and there is not a clear conclusion yet. This paper choice three criminal cases in the late Qing dynasty,preliminary determine the law used in the judgement,proving that besides the Mongolia law《Kar Kaji Lumu》（qalq-a j virum）,the Qing Dynasty＇s ＂Mongolian Cases Law＂ and the 《Law of Qing Dynasty 》had a strong effect in the late Qing dynasty. In addition,a cases series,《Wulan Ha Zierdt》（ulaγan qa c vartu）,of the 《Kar Kaji Lumu 》（qalq-a j virum）was still maintaining its effectiveness during demise of Qing dynasty.