儒家传统在现代东亚的命运与前景

Confucian Traditions in Modern East Asia:Their Destinies and Prospects

在东亚世界中,中国、日本、韩国与越南过去共同属于儒家文化圈。此外,由于中国移民之迁入,儒家文化也构成新加坡与马来西亚文化的一个重要成分。尽管儒家传统在东亚各国的现代命运不尽相同,但也有不少共通之处,如面对西方文化之挑战、对现代化之追求、传统制度之崩解等。其中,最主要的共同点在于:儒家传统不再拥有国家意识形态的地位。在东亚进入现代世界之后,儒家传统不可能恢复其作为国家意识形态的地位(如蒋庆所主张),但仍可继续作为文化教养的重要资源。儒学也不应退入"内圣"的领域,仅成为一套伦理学(如余英时所主张),因为儒学的主要特色正在于内圣与外王之关联性。在21世纪,儒学除了发展成一套现代意义的伦理学之外,还应发展出文化批判、政治批判与社会批判的理论。

In the past,China,Japan,Korea,and Vietnam have developed into the ＂Confucian cultural circle＂.In addition,because of the immigration of the Chinese,Confucian culture has constituted an essential part in the cultures of Singapore and Malaysia.Albeit the somewhat different historical fates of Confucian traditions in these countries,they are faced with common problems,for example,the challenges from the West,the pursuit of modernization,the collapse of traditional systems,etc.The most significant problem is perhaps the eclipse of Confucianism as national ideology.After East Asia entered the modern world,it is impossible for Confucian traditions to restore their status as national ideology,as Jiang Qing wishes.Nevertheless,Confucian traditions can still function as the resources for cultural ＂Bildung＂.Moreover,Confucianism should not retreat into the realm of ＂Moralit＂,as Yu Yingshih suggests,since Confucianism is characterized by the relevance of ＂Moralit＂ to ＂Sittlichkeit＂.In the 21th century,Confucianism should develop not only a modern system of ethics but also theories of cultural,political,and social criticism.