秦代“孝治天下”的政治尝试

The Political Attempt of "Governing by Filial Piety" in the Qin Dynasty

秦代"孝治天下"的政治实践是在新的历史条件下对西周以来政治制度的继承与演变。自春秋以降,周代宗统与君统混而为一的局面被打破,呈现出"君统"与"宗统"合一的伦理政治体制及宗族系统与政治体制二元分立的态势,秦王朝定法家为一尊,将孝道伦理直接纳入到政治与法律体系之中,确立了孝道伦理法律化的单纯尚法为治的统治策略,并开始了"孝治天下"的政治尝试。秦王朝重视孝道,但其对孝道的推行有别于儒家。

The political attempt of ＂governing by filial piety＂ in the Qin Dynasty is the inheritance and improvement of the political system in the Western Zhou Dynasty.After the Spring and Autumn Period,the mixture of clan and emperor governing was broken through,and new political system,such as the combination of emperor and clan governing and the separation of clan system and political system.The Qin Dynasty esteems the legalist thought as the most prestigious,embodies the thoughts of filial piety into its political and law systems,and begins the political attempt of ＂governing by filial piety＂.Though the Qin Dynasty puts emphasis on filial piety,its promotion of the filial piety is different from what the Confucianism does.Firstly,the governors of the Qin Dynasty advocate the legalist school thought,and ＂governing by filial piety＂ actually is the legalization of ethnics.However,it is against the moral education of the subtle influence of filial piety by advocating filial piety through obligatory measures.Secondly,the filial piety advocated by the Qin Dynasty breaks away from the bilateral rights and obligations between the emperor and subordinates,and between the superiors and inferiors.Instead,it emphasizes the authority of the superiors and transfers the bilateral relationships into unilateral relationships,which holds back the maintenance of the family and advocates monarchy.Lastly,the Qin Dynasty puts severe punishment over unfilial behaviors and weighs accusations too much,which results in the heavy sentence for minor crimes and undermines the stability of the nation.The governors of the Western Han Dynasty,however,learn a lot from the lessons of the Qin Dynasty,and relate ethnic with politics organically,and set forth the governing model for the feudalist country in over 2000 years.