元朝科举体制下少数民族教育公平问题研究

Research on the Education Equality of the Minorities under the Imperial Examination System in Yuan Dynasty

元朝由蒙古族建立,蒙古族以"尚武"著称。初期,由于统治者对科举考试认识的偏颇,以及政治、经济体制的不完善产生了一系列民族教育公平问题。随着封建统治的逐步巩固,当民族间教育文化水平的差距和民族教育公平问题成为元朝封建统治的主要障碍时,统治者采取实施科举考试、崇儒兴学等策略和方式,以促进民族教育的公平发展进而实现元朝统一政权的形成。虽然在科举考试中统治者采取诸多看起来对汉族士子不公平的"优惠"政策,向本民族及其他少数民族"倾斜",但于教育文化水平相对逊色的少数民族而言,统治者能从自身客观角度出发做出这样的决定,也具有一定的历史合理性,应对其进行公正而不失偏颇的评价。

Yuan Dynasty was established by Mongol Nationality,which was famous for ＂esteeming force＂.At first the rulers was biased in cognition against imperial examination system,which,along with incomplete of political and economic system,had led to many problems of national education equality.With the gradual consolidation of the feudal ruling,when the problem of the disparity of educational cultural level among the nationalities and national education equality became the main obstacle of the feudal ruling in Yuan Dynasty,the rulers adopted tactics and mechanism of the imperial examination system,esteeming Confucianism and establishing schools to promote development of national education equality and to realize the formation of the unifying power in Yuan Dynasty.In the examination the rulers adopted many unfair ＂concession＂ policies for the Han scholars and favouring Mongol and other minority nationalities.But owing to the relative poor educational cultural level of the minorities,such decisions made by the rulers considering their own objective condition were with certain historical rationality.The fair and unbiased judgment should be made.