社会文化制度对门禁社区发展的影响——中国和荷兰的对比研究

The Impact of Social and Cultural Institutions on the Development of Gated Communities in China and The Netherlands

作为后现代城市主义的典型空间形态,门禁社区在全球的蔓延引起了学界的广泛关注。当前对门禁社区发展机制的探讨主要集中于全球性宏观社会环境和消费者需求的层面,但对供给方的推动和制约因素关注不够。本文从制度视角出发,以中国和荷兰为案例,分析了门禁社区发展的异同,并具体从住房开发政策过程、历史传统和价值观两方面去理解和解释产生这种差异的原因。研究既是对从供给角度研究门禁社区的补充和拓展,同时也显示了本土制度环境解释人文地理学问题的必要性和重要性。指出在借鉴西方理论理解中国城市空间结构和社会变迁问题的同时,也不可忽视中国自身历史文化因素和社会制度背景。

Both in The Netherlands and in China,because of the scarcity of land,spatial problems are at the centre of public discussions and political attention. However,during the process of urbanization,The Netherlands and China have undergone different spatial and social developments. In China the ur ban social space becomes increasingly fragmented with gated communities while in The Netherlands gated communities haven＇t boomed like it has elsewhere around the world such as China and United States though in recent years enclosed residential domains have emerged in the Netherlands. This paper want to focus on the residential supply side to explore the impact of institutions. Two main aspects are investigated in this research：one is the process of and policies involved in the development of housings and the other is historical tradition and values related to the provision of housings on gatedness. The results show that multi-actors and the principle of diversity in both housing type and social group involved in the residential project in The Netherlands constrain the emergence of enclosed residential form. By contrast,in China the single housing developer responsible for everything including the provision of infrastructure and recreational facilities promote the enclosure of residential neighborhood. Another explanation would be that in the Netherlands urban planning and urban development have for long time followed a distinctively in tegrative paradigm. Spatial exclusion is being avoided and segregation seen as negative while in China,gatedness has been exited for thousands years and therefore it can be easily accepted in recent years. Using a comparative perspective,this study emphasizes the locality should be given the same concern as the broader theories to understand the urban process in the age of globalization.