中国传统官报的发行管理与发行状况

The Distribution Management and Status of Chinese Traditional Government Organs

传统君主专制和中央集权制度之下的官方报刊,是朝廷审定和许可的一种纸质媒介。其内容以传布朝廷政令和动态为主,基本的读者对象是各级官吏和知识阶层。从宋代至清代,皇帝的诏令是管束官报内容获取途径、许可发行与否的准绳和规则,随意性较强。且常常是就个案发布指示、影响全体。未能形成严格、系统的法律法规体系。官报发行管理的责任机构,宋代是都进奏院,明代是提塘。清代也指定提塘为官报的发行管辖机关,并开始由提塘设立公报房。官报的发行透过官方的驿站、塘站系统发行。明代官费订阅邸报现象普遍,邸报发行数量已达一定的规模,发行速度也因循朝廷的相关规定,出现翻印现象和中国新闻史上最早有姓名可考的职业报刊发行人。清代的官报发行业态是明代业态的延续。新式官报诞生后,传统官报淡出历史舞台。纵观传统报刊发行管理和发行业态演变历史,可以得出结论,流通渠道管控或者叫发行通道管控,是中国漫长封建社会时期传媒管理的主要内容和重要手段。

In the autocratic monarchy and centralization of state power system,the government organs were a kind of paper media examined and permitted by the court.The main contents were the governmental decree and general trends of affairs.Major readers were officials and intelligentsia.From the Song to Qing Dynasty,imperial edicts were the laws for the management of government organs' content source and permission.There were no stringent and systemic law systems.The department who charged the distribution of government organs was 'Jinzouyuan' and 'Titang' respectively in Song and Ming Dynasty.In Qing Dynasty,'Titang' was still the domination department.But there was a department of government organs under its control.The government organs were systemically distributed through governmental post stations.According the distribution of management and status of traditional newspapers evolvement,it can be concluded that the distribution outlets or ways control were the main contents and means of media management during the long Chinese feudal society history.