甘肃兴隆山自然保护区马麝夏季栖息地特征及生境选择格局

Summer habitat selection of alpine musk deer in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve, Northwestern China

2006—2008年夏季(7—8月),对甘肃兴隆山自然保护区马麝(Moschus Sifanicus)的栖息地特征和夏季生境选择格局进行了研究。用Mann-Whitney U检验和χ2检验比较了马麝夏季利用生境样地(n=71)和对照性非利用样地(n=264)间的海拔等17个生态变量的差异,结果表明,兴隆山马麝夏季利用生境的郁闭度[(53.87±3.09)%]和乔木均高[(7.57±0.83)m]均显著大于非利用样地[郁闭度:(49.07±1.66)%,乔木均高:(6.33±0.32)m],喜食植物多度[(12.97±1.80)]株也显著大于非利用样地[(9.61±0.67)株]。此外,与非利用样地相比,兴隆山马麝夏季倾向于选择位于中坡位较陡(67.61%)、距离水源较近(<1000m,77.46%)、隐蔽度(88.73%)和避风性均较好(90%)及距人为干扰较远(>1000m,76.06%)的生境;主成分分析结果表明,前4个因子的累积贡献率达72.45%,由乔木胸径和乔木郁闭度变量组成的乔木因子是决定马麝夏季生境选择的首要因素,此外,海拔因子,由地表植被盖度和食物多度组成的食物因子,由灌木盖度、乔木密度和灌木均高所组成的灌木因子也是表征兴隆山马麝夏季喜栖生境的重要因子。兴隆山马麝对夏季生境的选择是多维层面进行的生境适宜性的权衡,是对其夏季的食物、隐蔽地、水源和栖息基底等生态需求的综合反映。

During July and August from 2006 to 2008, summer habitat selection was studied in Alpine musk deer （Moschus sifanicus） in Xinglongshan National Natural Reserve in northwestern China. In total, seventy one musk deer utilized habitat plots and 246 random habitat plots were surveyed. Seventeen habitat characteristics were recorded and compared between the two habitat types, using Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square to compare the differences between utilized and random habitat plots, and principal component analysis （PCA） to determine the main factors influencing the habitat selection of musk deer. Mann-Whitney U test and chi-square was conducted to test whether there was significant difference between utilized and random plots. The results showed that musk deer prefers habitat with taller arbor height （7.57 ± 0.83 ） m, higher food-plants abundance （12.97 ± 1.80）, increasing foliage cover for concealment, lower water dispersion, and higher anthropogenic disturbance. Furthermore, PCA results suggested that the arbor characteristics （arbor canopy and arbor DBH）, altitude characteristic, food characteristics （ground-plant cover and food-plant abundance） and shrub characteristics （shrub canopy, shrub height and related arbor density） influence summer habitat selection patterns of alpine musk deer in Xinglongshan National Nature Reserve. The general pattern of summer habitat utilization and selection of alpine musk deer is an adaptive strategy to the changing food, concealment, water source and the physical condition of summer habitat.