主权、人权与国际社会的道德制高点——对美国天主教会两部和平牧函的历史解读

Sovereignty,Human Rights and Moral Values in International Dialogues:Historical Commentary on Two Peace Pastoral Letters Issued by American Catholic Bishops

美国天主教主教团1983年发布牧函《和平的挑战》,在综合罗马天主教社会训导与美国文化和政策传统的基础上,对20世纪后半期的战争与和平问题提出了自己的见解。1993年,他们又发布牧函《在和平中播种正义的收成》,在后冷战语境中继续倡导天主教的和平理念。研究20世纪80年代和90年代的这两部和平牧函,有助于透彻了解当今世界各国处理国际关系问题的主导话语已经不再是"民族国家利益",而是人权和人的尊严。虽然威斯特伐利亚条约以来的"民族国家主权自决"以及"互不干涉内政"的国际关系准则还依然有效、依然重要,但其局限性在21世纪新的国际格局面前已经十分明显,这一点需要正视和认真对待。

Nonintervention,sovereignty and national interests have remained key factors in international dialogues.Their ethical dubiousness,however,is increasingly questioned by nations the world over.As Pope John XXIII declares to mankind,the＂universal and inviolable＂rights and duties of the human person form a crucial dimension of international relations,and ＂we must remember that,of its very nature civil authority exists,not to confine its people within boundaries of their nations,but rather to protect,above all else,the common good of the entire human family＂（Pacem in Terris 98）.Emphasis upon human rights and human dignity is leading the international community towards reception,to a degree,of attenuation of sovereign,away from unconditional acknowledgement of the principles established since the Peace of Westphalia（1648）,such as nonintervention,and into diplomatic engagement with human rights issues.Two peace pastoral letters published by American Catholic bishops,The Challenge of Peace（1983） and The Harvest of Justice（1993） places the papal teaching on peace and justice in the context of American society,and demonstrates that such moral values as human rights and universal common good,rather than force and coercion,are becoming the respectable guiding paradigms in international dialogues.